References

  1. Tortora G J, Grabowski SR. Principles of anatomy and physiology. New York: Harper Collins, 1993: 929.
  2. Matsumoto AM. The testis. In: Felig P, Frohman LA, eds. Endocrinology & Metabolism, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001: 648-649.
  3. Carruthers M, Testosterone Revolution. London: Thorsons, 2001:30-50.
  4. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Yarasheski KE, Clevenger B & Phillips J. Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 407-413.
  5. Brodsky IG, Balagopal P, Nair KS. Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and protein muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men - a Clinical Research Centre Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3469-3475.
  6. Marin P, Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P. Androgen treatment of middle aged, obese men: effects on metabolism, muscle and adipose tissues. Eur J Med 1992; 1: 329-336.
  7. Marin P, Oden B, Bjorntorp P Assimilation and mobilisation of triglycerides in subcutaneous abdominal and femoral adipose tissue in vivo in men: effects of androgens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 239-243
  8. Monga M, Kostelec M, Kamerai M. Patient satisfaction with testosterone supplementation for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Arch Androl 2002; 48(6): 433-442.
  9. Salmimies P, Kockott G, Pirke KM, Vogt HJ, Schill WB. Effects of testosterone replacement on sexual behavior in hypogonadal men. Arch Sex Behav 1982; Aug;11(4): 345-353.
  10. Davidson JM, Camargo CA, Smith ER. Effects of androgen on sexual behavior in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979; Jun;48(6): 955-958.
  11. Carani C, A. R. M. Granata, J. Bancroft, and P. Marrama. The effects of testosterone replacement on nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity and erectile response to visual erotic stimuli in hypogonadal men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1995; 20(7): 743-753.
  12. Cunningham GR, Hirshkowitz M, Korenman SG, Karacan I. Testosterone replacement therapy and sleep-related erections in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; Mar;70(3): 792-797.
  13. Burris AS, Banks SM, Carter CS, Davidson JM, Sherins RJ. A long term prospective study of the physiological and behavioural effects of hormone replacement in untreated hypogonadal men. J Androl 1992; 13: 297-304.
  14. Wang C, Alexander G,Berman N, Salehian B, Davidson T, McDonald V, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy improves mood in hypogonadal men - a clinical research centre study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3578-883.
  15. O'Connor DB, Archer J, Hair WM, Wu FC Exogenous testosterone, aggression, and mood in eugonadal and hypogonadal men. Physiol Behav (2002) Apr; 75(4):557-66.
  16. Finkelstein JS. Androgens and bone. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, eds. Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998:187-207.
  17. Behre HM, Kliesch S, Leifke E, Link TM, Nieschlag E. Long term effects of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 2386-2390.
  18. Moller J, Einfeldt H. Testosterone Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1984.
  19. Marin P, Holmang S, Jonsson L, Sjostrom L, Kvist H, Holm G, Lindstedt G, Bjorntorp P. The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle aged men. Int J Obesity 1992;16: 991-997.
  20. Kaufman JM, Vermeulen A. Androgens in male senescence. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, eds. Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1998: 437-71.
  21. UK Government Actuary Website www.gad.gov.uk/population/2000/uk/wuk00singyear.xls Accessed 1 September 2002.
  22. Ferring AG Pharmaceuticals: Testosterone deficiency as a real clinical issue in the aging male population. Symposium conducted at the second world congress on the aging male. Geneva: 2000.
  23. Gould DC, Petty R, Jacobs HS. For and against: The male menopause - does it exist? BMJ 2000; 320: 858-61.
  24. Morley JE, Jacobs HS. Male menopause: Fact or fiction? Medical Crossfire 2001; 3(1) Free full text article is available on-line at http://www.medicalcrossfire.com/debate_archive/2001/Jan01/Male_Menopause.htm
  25. Tschop M, Behre HM, Nieschlag E, Dressendorfer RA, Strasburger CJ. A time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for the measurement of testosterone in saliva: monitoring of testosterone replacement therapy with testosterone buciclate. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998 Apr;36(4): 223-30.
  26. Carr BA. Disorders of the ovaries and female reproductive tract. In: Wilson J D, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR. Williams textbook of endocrinology, 9th ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1998: 762-763.
  27. Cohen PG. The hypogonadal-obesity cycle: role of aromatase in modulating the testosterone-estradiol shunt--a major factor in the genesis of morbid obesity. Med Hypotheses 1999; Jan;52(1): 49-51.
  28. Meinhardt U, Mullis PE. The essential role of the aromatase/p450arom. Semin Reprod Med 2002; Aug;20(3): 277-84.
  29. Mauras N, O'Brien K, Klein KO, Hayes V. Estrogen Suppression in Males: Metabolic Effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85(7):2370-2377.
  30. Palomeno GE, Swerdloff RS. Gynecomastia: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. http://www.endotext.org/male/male14/maleframe14.htm March 2002 Chapter 14 Accessed 25th November 2002.
  31. Winters, SJ, Laboratory assessment of testicular function. http://www.endotext.org/male/male4/male4.htm March 2002 Chapter 4 Accessed 1st December 2002.
  32. Rosner W. The functions of cortisol binding globulin and sex hormone binding globulin:recent advances. Endocr Rev1990; 11: 65-79.
  33. Krieg M, Nass R, Tunn S. Effect of aging on endogenous level of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, estradiol, and estrone in epithelium and stroma of normal and hyperplastic human prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 375-381.
  34. Suzuki K, Ito K, Ichinose Y, Kurokawa K, Suzuki T, Imai K, Yamanaka H, Honma S. Endocrine environment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: prostate size and volume are correlated with serum estrogen concentration. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1995; Mar;29(1): 65-68.
  35. Partin AW, Oesterling JE, Epstein JI, Horton R, Walsh PC. Influence of age and endocrine factors on the volume of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1991; Feb;145(2): 405-409.
  36. Seppelt U. Correlation among prostate stroma, plasma estrogen levels, and urinary estrogen excretion in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978; Dec;47(6):1230-1235.
  37. Carani C, Rochira V, Faustini-Fustini M, Balestrieri A, Granata AR. Role of oestrogen in male sexual behaviour: insights from the natural model of aromatase deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999; Oct;51(4): 517-524.
  38. Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM, Goemaere S, van Pottelberg I. Estradiol in elderly men. Aging Male 2002; Jun;5(2): 98-102.
  39. Rochira V, Faustini-Fustini M, Balestrrieri A. Estrogen replacement therapy in a man with congenital aromatase deficiency:effects of different doses of transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density and hormonal parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; May;85(5): 1841-1845.
  40. Grumbach MM. Estrogen, bone, growth and sex: a sea change in conventional wisdom. J Pediatr Endorcrinol Metab 2000;13 Suppl 6: 1439-1455.
  41. Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd, Riggs BL. Estrogens and bone health in men. Calcif Tissue Int 2001; Oct;69(4):189-192.
  42. Nathan L, Shi W, Dinh H, Mukherjee TK, Wang X, Lusis AJ, Chaudhuri G. Testosterone inhibits early atherogenesis by conversion to estradiol: critical role of aromatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2001; Mar 13;98(6):3589-93.
  43. Bagatell CJ, Knopp RH, Rivier JE, Bremner WJ. Physiological levels of estradiol stimulate plasma high density lipoprotein2 cholesterol levels in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 78: 855-861.
  44. Komesaroff PA, Fullerton M, Esler MD, Dart A, Jennings G, Sudhir K. Low-Dose Estrogen Supplementation Improves Vascular Function in Hypogonadal Men. Hypertension, November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1011 - 1016.
  45. Sudhir K, Komesaroff PA. Cardiovascular Actions of Estrogens in Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 3411-3415.
  46. Macdonald PC, Madden JD, Brenner PF, Wilson JD, Siiteri PK. Origin of estrogen in normal men and in women with testicular feminisation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979; 49: 905-916.
  47. TO BE LOCATED 200:1 T:E2 RATIO XXX In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, eds. Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998: 437-71.
  48. Brinkman AO. Androgen physiology: Receptor and metabolic disorders. http://www.endotext.org/male/male3/maleframe3.htm March 2002 Chapter 3. Accessed 7th December 2002.
  49. Wilson JD. Role of dihydrotestosterone in androgen action. Prostate Suppl 1996; 6: 88-92.
  50. Sinclair RD, Thai KE. Male androgenetic alopecia. http://www.endotext.org/male/male18/maleframe18.htm July 2002 Chapter 18 Accessed 5th December 2002.
  51. Steers WD. 5alpha-reductase activity in the prostate. Urology 2001; Dec;58(6 Suppl 1): 17-24; discussion 24.
  52. Randall VA. Role of 5 alpha-reductase in health and disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; Apr;8(2):405-431.
  53. Bosland MC. The role of steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. J Nat Cancer Inst Monogr 2000; (27):39-66.
  54. Swerdloff RS, Wang C. Dihydrotestosterone: a rationale for its use as a non-aromatizable androgen replacement therapeutic agent. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; Oct;12(3): 501-506.
  55. Kunelius P, Lukkarinen O, Hannuksela ML, Itkonen O, Tapanainen JS. The effects of transdermal dihydrotestosterone in the aging male: a prospective, randomized, double blind study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; Apr;87(4): 1467-1472.
  56. Moyad MA. Lifestyle/dietary supplement partial androgen suppression and/or estrogen manipulation. A novel PSA reducer and preventive/treatment option for prostate cancer? Urol Clin North Am. 2002; Feb;29(1): 115-24, ix. Review.
  57. Hudson PB, Boake R, Trachtenberg J, Romas NA, Rosenblatt S, Narayan P, Geller J, Lieber MM, Elhilali M, Norman R, Patterson L, Perreault JP, Malek GH, Bruskewitz RC, Roy JB, Ko A, Jacobsen CA, Stoner E. Efficacy of finasteride is maintained in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia treated for 5 years. The North American Finasteride Study Group. Urology 1999; Apr;53(4): 690-5.
  58. Wilde MI, Goa KL. Finasteride: an update of its use in the management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Drugs 1999; Apr;57(4): 557-81.
  59. McPhaul MJ. Mutations that alter androgen receptor function. In: De Groot LJ, Jameson JL. Endocrinology 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001: 2296-2297.
  60. Mantzoros CS, Georgiadis EI, Trichopoulos D. Contribution of dihydrotestosterone to male sexual behaviour. BMJ 1995; 310: 1289-91.
  61. Lugg JA, Rajfer J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF. Dihydrotestosterone is the active androgen in the maintenance of nitric oxide-mediated penile erection in the rat. Endocrinology 1995; Apr;136(4): 1495-501.
  62. Winters SJ. Evaluation of testicular function. In: Becker KL, ed. Principles and Practice of Endocrinology & Metabolism 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams and Willis, 2001: 1119.
  63. Ekman P. A risk-benefit assessment of treatment with finasteride in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Drug Saf 1998; Mar;18(3): 161-70.
  64. Wise GJ, Md EO. Hormonal treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: pros and cons. Curr Urol Rep 2001; Aug;2(4): 285-91.
  65. Orth DN, Kovacs WJ. The adrenal cortex. In: Wilson J D, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR. Williams textbook of endocrinology, 9th ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1998: 535.
  66. Dufour DR. Reference values in endocrinology. In: Becker KL, ed. Principles and Practice of Endocrinology & Metabolism 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams and Willis, 2001: 2190-2215.
  67. Endocrine normal ranges. In: Besser MG, Thorner MO. Comprehensive clinical endocrinology. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier-Mosby, 2002: xiv.
  68. Legrain S, Massien C, Lahlou N, Roger M, Debuire B, Diquet B, Chatellier G, Azizi M, Faucounau V, Porchet H, Forette F, Baulieu EE. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement administration: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in healthy elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 Sep;85(9): 3208-3217.
  69. Gurnell EM, Chetterjee VKK. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 2001 Aug;145(2): 103-106.
  70. Baulieu EE. Neuroactive neurosteroids: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulphate. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1999; Dec;88(433): 78-80.
  71. Baulieu EE, Robel P. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) as neuroactive nuerosteroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998; 95: 4089-4091.
  72. Majewska MD. Neuronal actions of dehdroepiandrosteron. Possible roles in brain development, aging, memory, and affect. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995 Dec 29; 774: 111-120.
  73. Labrie F, Belanger A, Cusan L, Candas B. Physiological changes in dehydroepiandrosterone are not reflected by serum levels of active androgens and estrogens but of their metabolites:Intracrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 2403-2409.
  74. Labrie F, Luu-The V, Lin SX, Simard J, Labrie C, El-Alfy M, Pelletier G, Belanger A. Intracrinology: role of the family of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in human physiology and disease. J Mol Endocrinol 2000 Aug;25(1):1-16.
  75. Labrie F, Belanger A, Simard J, Luu-The V, Labrie C. DHEA and peripheral androgen and estrogen formation:Intracrinology. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 774: 16-28.
  76. Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL, Vogelman JH. Age changes and sex differences in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations throughout adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 59: 551-555.
  77. Feldman HA, Johannes CB, McKinlay JB, Longcope C. Low dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and heart disease in middle-aged men: cross-sectional results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Ann Epidemiol 1998 May;8(4): 217-228.
  78. Feldman AH, Johannes CB, Araujo AB, Mohr BA, Longscope C, McKinlay JB. Low dehydroepiandrosterone and ischemic heart disease in middle aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001 Jan 1;153(1):79-89.
  79. Mitchell LE, Sprecher DL, Borecki IB, Rice T, Laskarzewski PM, Rao DC. Evidence for an association between dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and nonfatal, premature myocardial infarction in males. Circulation 1994 Jan;89(1): 89-93.
  80. Khalil A, Fortin JP, LeHoux JG, Fulop T. Age-related decrease of dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations in low density lipoproteins and its role in the susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to lipid peroxidation. J Lipid Res 2000 Oct;41(10):1552-1561.
  81. G Ravaglia, P Forti, F Maioli, F Boschi, M Bernardi, L Pratelli, A Pizzoferrato, G Gasbarrini. The relationship of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to endocrine-metabolic parameters and functional status in the oldest-old. Results from an Italian study on healthy free-living over-ninety-year-olds. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 1173-1178.
  82. Straub RH, Scholmerich J, Zietz B. Replacement therapy with DHEA plus corticosteroids in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases-substitutes of adrenal and sex hormones. Z Rheumatol. 2000;59 Suppl 2: II/108-118.
  83. Masi AT, Aldag JC, Chatterton RT, Adams RF, Kitabchi AE. Adrenal androgen and glucocorticoid dissociation in premenopausal rheumatoid arthritis: a significant correlate or precursor to onset? Z Rheumatol 2000;59 Suppl 2: II/54-61.
  84. Masi AT, Chatterton RT, Aldag JC. Perturbations of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and adrenal androgen functions in rheumatoid arthritis: an odyssey of hormonal relationships to the disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999 Jun 22;876: 53-62.
  85. Young AH, Gallagher P, Porter RJ. Elevation of the cortisol-dehydroepiandrosterone ratio in drug-free depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 2002 Jul;159(7): 1237-9.
  86. Michael A, Jenaway A, Paykel ES, Herbert J. Altered salivary dehydroepiandrosterone levels in major depression in adults. Biol Psychiatry 2000 Nov 15;48(10): 989-95.
  87. Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Stolk RP, de Jong FH, Pols HA, Hofman A, Breteler MM, Lamberts SW. A prospective study on cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cognitive function in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 Oct;83(10): 3487-92.
  88. Reiter WJ, Pycha A, Schatzl G, Klingler HC, Mark I, Auterith A, Marberger M. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations in men with erectile dysfunction. Urology 2000 May;55(5): 755-8.
  89. Baulieu EE. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): a fountain of youth? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996 Sep;81(9):3147-51.
  90. Yen SS. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and longevity: new clues for an old friend. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jul 17;98(15): 8167-9.
  91. Morales AJ, Nolan JJ, Nelson JC, Yen SC. Effects of replacement dose of dehdroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 1360-1367.
  92. Hunt PJ, Gurnell EM, Huppert FA, Richards C, Prevost AT, Wass JA, Herbert J, Chatterjee VK. Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison's disease in a randomized, double blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 Dec;85(12): 4650-6.
  93. Arlt W, Callies F, van Vlijmen JC, Koehler I, Reincke M, Bidlingmaier M, Huebler D, Oettel M, Ernst M, Schulte HM, Allolio B. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 1999 Sep 30;341(14): 1013-20.
  94. Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Roberts E, Manfredi F, Chan T, Raum WJ, Ormiston S, Johnson R, Canick J, Brizendine L, Weingartner H. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment of depression. Biol Psychiatry 1997 Feb 1;41(3): 311-8.
  95. Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Keebler A, Nelson N, Friedland M, Brizendine L, Roberts E. Double-blind treatment of major depression with dehydroepiandrosterone. Am J Psychiatry 1999 Apr;156(4): 646-9.
  96. Morales AJ, Haubrich RH, Hwang JY, Asakura H, Yen SS. The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age-advanced men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998 Oct;49(4): 421-432.
  97. Khorram O, Vu L, Yen SS. Activation of immune function by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in age-advanced men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997 Jan;52(1): M1-7.
  98. Straub RH, Konecna L, Hrach S, Rothe G, Kreutz M, Scholmerich J, Falk W, Lang B. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate are negatively correlated with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and DHEA inhibits IL-6 secretion from mononuclear cells in man in vitro: possible link between endocrinosenescence and immunosenescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 Jun;83(6): 2012-2017.
  99. Reiter WJ, Pycha A, Schatzl G, Pokorny A, Gruber DM, Huber JC, Marberger M. Dehydroepiandrosterone in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Urology 1999 Mar;53(3): 590-594; discussion 594-5.
  100. Reiter WJ, Schatzl G, Mark I, Zeiner A, Pycha A, Marberger M. Dehydroepiandrosterone in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with different organic etiologies. Urol Res 2001 Aug;29(4): 278-281.
  101. Baulieu EE, Thomas G, Legrain S, Lahlou N, Roger M, Debuire B, Faucounau V, Girard L, Hervy MP, Latour F, Leaud MC, Mokrane A, Pitti-Ferrandi H, Trivalle C, de Lacharriere O, Nouveau S, Rakoto-Arison B, Souberbielle JC, Raison J, Le Bouc Y, Raynaud A, Girerd X, Forette F. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and aging: contribution of the DHEAge Study to a sociobiomedical issue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000 Apr 11;97(8): 4279-4284.
  102. Villareal DT, Holloszy JO, Kohrt WM. Effects of DHEA replacement on bone mineral density and body composition in elderly women and men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000 Nov;53(5): 561-568.
  103. Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Sharp RL, Reifenrath TA, Parsons KA, King DS. Effect of oral DHEA on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men. J Appl Physiol 1999 Dec;87(6): 2274-2283.
  104. Wallace MB, Lim J, Cutler A, Bucci L. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone vs androstenedione supplementation in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999 Dec;31(12): 1788-1792.
  105. Arlt W, Haas J, Callies F, Reincke M, Hubler D, Oettel M, Ernst M, Schulte HM, Allolio B. Biotransformation of oral dehydroepiandrosterone in elderly men: significant increase in circulating estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 Jun;84(6): 2170-6.
  106. Arlt W, Callies F, Koehler I, van Vlijmen JC, Fassnacht M, Strasburger CJ, Seibel MJ, Huebler D, Ernst M, Oettel M, Reincke M, Schulte HM, Allolio B. Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation in healthy men with an age-related decline of dehydroepiandrosterone secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 Oct;86(10): 4686-4692.
  107. Orth DN, Kovacs WJ. The adrenal cortex. In: Wilson J D, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR. Williams textbook of endocrinology, 9th ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1998: 532.
  108. Jeffcoate W. Lecture notes on endocrinology, 5th ed: Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993:81-83.
  109. White PC. Corticosteroid action. In: In: Becker KL, ed. Principles and Practice of Endocrinology & Metabolism 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams and Willis, 2001: 714-723.
  110. Wilson JL. Adrenal fatigue: the 21st century stress syndrome. Petaluma: Smart Publications, 2001: 11-25.
  111. Chrousos GP. Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response. The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998;851: 311.
  112. Dubey A, plant T. A suppression of gonadotropin secretion by cortisol in castrated male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) mediated by the interruption of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release. Biol Reprod 1985;33: 423-431.
  113. Norman RL. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on luteinizing hormone , testosterone, and cortisol secretion in intact male rhesus macaques. Biol Reprod 1993;49: 148-153.
  114. Rivier C, Rivest S. Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: peripheral and central mechanisms. Biol Reprod 1991;45: 523-532.
  115. Juniewicz PE, Johnson BH, Bolt DJ. Effect of adrenal steroids on testosterone and luteinizing hormone secretion in the ram. J Androl 1987;8(3): 190-6.
  116. Briski KP, Vogel KL, McIntyre AR. The antiglucocorticoid, RU486, attenuates stress-induced decreases in plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations in male rats. Neuroendocrinology 1995;61: 638-645.
  117. Cumming DC, Quigley ME, Yen SS. Acute suppression of circulating testosterone levels by cortisol in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1983;57: 671-673.
  118. Sapolsky RM. Stress-induced suppression of testicular function in the wild baboon: role of glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 1985;116: 2273-2278.
  119. Johnson BH, Welsh TH Jr, Juniewicz PE. Suppression of luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in bulls following adrenocorticotropin hormone treatment. Biol Reprod 1982;26(2): 305-10.
  120. Sapolsky RM, Romero ML, Munck AU. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev 2000;21(1): 55-89.
  121. Yazawa H, Sasagawa I, Ishigooka M, Nakada T. Effect of immobilization stress on testicular germ cell apoptosis in rats. Human Reproduction 1999;14(7): 1806-1810.
  122. Orr T, Mann D. Role of glucocorticoids in the stress-induced suppression of testicular steroidogenesis in adult male rats. Horm Behav 1992 Sep;26(3):350-63.
  123. Welsh TH Jr, Bambino TH, Hsueh AJ. Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced suppression of testicular androgen biosynthesis in vitro. Biol Reprod. 1982 Dec;27(5):1138-46.
  124. Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW. Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range. J Clin Invest 1984;73(2): 412-420.
  125. Gelfand RA, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Sherwin RS. Role of counterregulatory hormones in the catabolic response to stress. J Clin Invest 1984;74(6): 238-28.
  126. Brillon DJ, Zheng B, Campbell RG, Matthews DE. Effect of cortisol on energy expenditure and amino acid metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1995;268: E501-E513.
  127. Gore DC, Jahoor F, Wolfe RR, Herndon DN. Acute response of human muscle protein to catabolic hormones. Ann Surg 1993;218(5): 679-684.
  128. Hammarqvist F, von der Decken A, Vinnars E, Wernerman J. Stress hormone and amino acid infusion in healthy volunteers: short-term effects on protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle. Metabolism 1994;43(9): 1158-1163.
  129. Rooyackers OE, Nair KS. Hormonal regulation of human muscle protein metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 1997;17: 457-485.
  130. Ferrando AA, Stuart CA, Sheffield-Moore M, Wolfe RR. Inactivity amplifies the catabolic response of skeletal muscle to cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(10): 3515-3521.
  131. Rosmond R, Dallman MF, Bjorntorp P. Stress-related cortisol secretion in men: relationships with abdominal obesity and endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(6): 1853-1859.
  132. Chrousos GP, Gould PW. A healthy body in a healthy mind-and vice versa-the damaging power of 'uncontrollable' stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(6): 1842-1845.
  133. Rosmond R, Bjorntorp P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke. J Intern Med 2000;247: 188-197.
  134. Bjorntorp P. The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996;20(4): 291-302.
  135. Raber J. Detrimental effects of chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. From obesity to memory deficits. Mol Neurobiol 1998;18(1): 1-22.
  136. Bjorntorp P. Endocrine abnormalities of obesity. Metabolism 1995:44(9 Suppl 3): 21-23.
  137. Bjorntorp P, Rosmon R. The metabolic syndrome-a neuroendocrine disorder? Br J Nutr 2000;83 Suppl 1: S49-57.
  138. Jayo JM, Shively CA, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB. Effects of exercise and stress on body fat distribution in male cynomolgus monkeys. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993;17(10): 597-604.
  139. Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R. Hypothalamic origin of the metabolic syndrome X. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999;892: 297-307.
  140. Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Ravaja N, Raikkonen K, Hautanen A, Adlercreutz H. Relationships between the pituitary-adrenal hormones, insulin, and glucose in middle-aged men: moderating influence of psychosocial stress. Metabolism 1998;47(12):1440-1449.
  141. Bjorntorp P, Holm G, Rosmond. Hypothalamic arousal, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999;16(5): 383-385.
  142. Brunner EJ, Hemingway H, Walker BR, Page M, Clarke P, Juneja M, Shipley MJ, Kumari M, Andrew R, Seckl JR, Papadopoulos A, Checkley S, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG. Adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory causes of the metabolic syndrome: nested case-control study. Circulation 2002;106(21): 2659-2665.
  143. Bjorntorp P. Neuroendocrine perturbations as a cause of insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999;15(6): 427-441.
  144. Bjorntorp P, Holm G, Rosmond R, Folkow B. Hypertension and the metabolic sybdrome: closely related central origin? Blood Press 2000;9(2-3): 71-82.
  145. Jasnow AM, Drazen DL, Huhman KL, Nelson RJ, Demas GE. Acute and chronic social defeat suppresses humoral immunity of male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) Horm Behav 2001;40(3): 428-433.
  146. Munck A, Guyre PM. Glucocorticoid physiology, pharmacology and stress. Adv Exp Med Biol 1986;196: 81-96.
  147. Miller WL, Chrousos GP. The adrenal cortex. In: Felig P, Frohman LA, eds. Endocrinology & Metabolism, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001: 426-428.
  148. Lane NE, Lukert B. The science and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998;27(2):465-83.
  149. Dennison E, Hindmarsh P, Fall C, Kellingray S, Barker D, Phillips D, Cooper C. Profiles of endogenous circulating cortisol and bone mineral density in healthy elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(9):3058-3063.
  150. Maurer M, Riesen W, Hulter HN, Krapf R. Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003 Jan;284(1):F32-40.
  151. Raff H, Raff JL, Duthie EH, Wilson CR, Sasse EA, Rudman I, Mattson D. Elevated salivary cortisol in the evening in healthy elderly men and women: correlation with bone mineral density. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999 Sep;54(9):M479-83.
  152. Cizza G, Ravn P, Chrousos GP, Gold PW. Depression: a major, unrecognized risk factor for osteoporosis? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2001 Jul;12(5):198-203. Review.
  153. Newcomer JW, Selke G, Melson AK, Hershey T, Craft S, Richards K, Alderson AL. Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortisol treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56(6): 527-533.
  154. Kirschbaum C, Wolf OT, May M, Wippich W, Hellhammer DH. Stress- and treatment-induced elevations of cortisol levels associated with impaired declarative memory in healthy adults. Life Sci 1996;58(17): 1475-1483.
  155. Lupien SJ, de Leon M, de Santi S, Convit A, Tarshish C, Nair NP, Thakur M, McEwen BS, Hauger RL, Meaney MJ. Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nat Neurosci 1998;1(1): 69-73.
  156. Heffelfinger AK, Newcomer JW. Glucocorticoid effects on memory function over the human life span. Dev Psychopathol 2001;13(3): 491-513.
  157. Jameison K, Dinan TG. Glucocorticoids and cognitive function: from physiology to pathophysiology. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16(4): 293-302.
  158. Lupien SJ, Gaudreau S, Tchiteya BM, Maheu F, Sharma S, Nair NP, Hauger RL, McEwen BS, Meaney M. Stress-induced declarative memory impairment in healthy elderly subjects: relationship to cortisol reactivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82(7): 2070-2075.
  159. Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Stolk RP, de Jong FH, Pols HA, Hofman A, Breteler MM, Lamberts SW. A prospective study on cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cognitive function in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(10): 3487-3492.
  160. Tafet GE, Toister-Achituv M, Shinitzky M. Enhancement of serotonin uptake by cortisol: a possible link between stress and depression. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2001;1(1): 96-104.
  161. Tafet GE, Idoyaga-Vargas VP, Abulafia DP, Calandria JM, Roffman SS, Chiovetta A, Shinitzky M. Correlation between cortisol level and serotonin uptake in patients with chronic stress and depression. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 200;1(4): 388-393.
  162. Young AH, Gallagher P, Porter RJ. Elevation of the cortisol-dehydroepiandrosterone ratio in drug-free depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(7): 1237-1239.
  163. Lee AL, Ogle WO, Sapolsky RM. Stress and depression: possible links to neuron death in the hippocampus. Bipolar Disord 2002;4(2): 117-128.
  164. Vgontzas AN, Tsigos C, Bixler EO, Stratakis CA, Zachman K, Kales A, Vela-Bueno A, Chrousos GP. Chronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: a preliminary study. J Psychosom Res 1998;45(1 Spec No): 21-31.
  165. Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Lin HM, Prolo P, Mastorakos G, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A, Chrousos GP. Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(8): 3787-3794.
  166. Rodenbeck A, Hajak G. Neuroendocrine dysregulation in primary insomnia. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2001;157(11 Pt 2):S57-61.
  167. Rodenbeck A, Huether G, Ruther E, Hajak G. Interactions between evening and nocturnal cortisol secretion and sleep parameters in patients with severe chronic primary insomnia. Neurosci Lett 2002;324(2): 159-163.
  168. Gunnar MR, Vasquez DM. Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: potential indices of risk in human development. Dev Psychopathol 2001;13(3): 515-538.
  169. Nicholson NA, van Diest R. Salivary cortisol patterns in vital exhaustion. J Psychosom Res 2000;49(5): 335-342.
  170. Pruessner JC, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol response to awakening. Psychosomatic Med 1999;61: 197-204.
  171. Appels A. Exhausted subjects, exhausted systems. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1997;640: 153-154.
  172. Rosmond R, Bjorntorp. Low cortisol production in chronic stress. The connection stress-somatic disease is a challenge for future research. Lakartidningen 2000;97(38): 4120-4124. (Abstract).
  173. Cleare AJ, Miell J, Heap E, Sookdeo S, Young L, Malhi GS, O'Keane V. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome, and the effects of low-dose hydrocortisone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(8): 3545-54.
  174. Heim C, Ehlert U, Hellhammer DH. The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000;25(1): 1-35.
  175. Harbuz M. Neuroendocrine function and chronic inflammatory stress. Exp Physiol 2002;87(5): 519-525.
  176. Harbuz M. Neuroendocrinology of autoimmunity. Int Rev Neurobiol 2002;52: 133-161.
  177. Torpy DJ, Chrousos GP. The three-way interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axes and the immune system. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1996;10(2): 181-198.
  178. Buske-Kirschbaum A, Geiben A, Hollig H, Morschhauser E, Hellhammer D. Altered responsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary system to stress in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(9): 4245-4251.
  179. Segre GV, Brown EN. Measurement of hormones. In: Wilson J D, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR. Williams textbook of endocrinology, 9th ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1998: 43-54.
  180. Edwards R. Hormone assay techniques. In: Besser MG, Thorner MO. Comprehensive clinical endocrinology. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier-Mosby, 2002: 395-403.
  181. Pekary AE, Hershman JM. Hormone analysis. In: Felig P, Frohman LA, eds. Endocrinology & Metabolism, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001: 91-107.
  182. Read GF. Hormones in saliva. In: Tenovuo JO. Human saliva: clinical chemistry and microbiology (volume 2). Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc., 1989: 147-176.
  183. Dunn JF, Nisula BC, Rodbard D. Transport of steroid hormones: binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53(1): 58-68.
  184. Vittek J, Danine G, L'Hommedieu DG, Gordon GG, Rappaport SC, Southren AL. Direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) of salivary testosterone: correlation with free and total serum testosterone. Life Sci 1985;37(8): 711-716.
  185. Vining RF, McGinley RA, Symons RG. Hormones in saliva: mode of entry and consequent implications for clinical interpretation. Clin Chem 1983;29(10): 1752-1756.
  186. Vining RF, McGinley RA. Transport of steroids from blood to saliva. In: Read GF. Immunoassays of steroids in saliva. Cardiff: Alpha Omega, 1984: 56-63.
  187. Riad-Fahmy D, Read GF, Walker RF, Griffiths K. Steroids in saliva for assessing endocrine function. Endocr Rev 1982;3: 367-395.
  188. Hofman L. Human saliva as a diagnostic specimen. J Nutr 2001;131: 1621S-1625S.
  189. Wang C, Plymate S, Nieschlag E, Paulsen CA. Salivary testosterone in men: further evidence of a direct correlation with free serum testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53(5): 1021-1024.
  190. Dabbs JM Jr, Campbell BC, Gladue BA, Midgley AR, Navarro MA, Read GF, Susman EJ, Swinkels LM, Worthman CM. Reliability of salivary testosterone measurements: a multicentre evaluation. Clin Chem 1995;41(11): 1581-1584.
  191. Vining RF, McGinley RA, Maksvytis JJ, Ho KY. Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol. Ann Clin Biochem 1983;20: 329-335.
  192. Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. Late night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(8): 2681-2686.
  193. Gafni RI, Papanicolaou DA, Nieman LK. Nighttime salivary cortisol measurement as a simple, non-invasive, outpatient screening test for Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2000;137(1): 30-5.
  194. Laudat MH, Cerdas S, Fournier C, Guiban D, Guilhaume B, Luton JP. Salivary cortisol measurement: a practical approach to assess pituitary-adrenal function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1988;66: 343-248.
  195. Osredkar J, Vrhovec I, Jesenovec N, Kocijancic A, Prezelj J. Salivary free testosterone in hirsutism. Ann Clin Biochem 1989;26: 522-526.
  196. Smith RG, Besch PG, Dill B, Buttram VC. Saliva as a matrix for measuring free androgens: comparison with serum androgens in polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril 1979;31: 513-517.
  197. Ruutiainen K, Sannika E, Santti R, Erkkola R, Aldercreutz H. Salivary testosterone in hirsutism: correlations with serum testosterone and the degree of hair growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64(5): 1015-1020.
  198. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Perry L, Wass J, Grossman A, Besser M. A single sleeping midnight cortisol has 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995;43(5): 545-50.
  199. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994;19: 313-333.
  200. Dabbs JM Jr. Salivary testosterone measurements: collecting, storing, and mailing saliva samples. Physiol Behav1991;49: 815-817.
  201. Orth DN, Kovacs WJ. The adrenal cortex. In: Wilson J D, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR. Williams textbook of endocrinology, 9th ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1998: 615.
  202. Chen YM, Cintron NM, Whitson PA. Long-term storage of salivary cortisol samples at room temperature. Clin Chem 1992;38: 304.
  203. Hellhammer DH, Buchtal J, Gutberlet I, Kirschbaum C. Social hierarchy and adrenocortical stress reactivity in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997;22(8): 643-650.
  204. Ackerl K, Atzmueller M, Grammer K. The scent of fear. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2002;23(2):79-84.
  205. Hirschenhauser K, Frigerio D, Grammer K, Magnusson MS. Monthly patterns of testosterone and behaviour in prospective fathers. Horm Behav 2002;42(2): 172-181.
  206. Daabbs JM Jr, Mohammed S. Male and female salivary testosterone concentrations before and after sexual activity. Physiol Behav 1992;52(1): 195-197.
  207. Filaire E, Sagnol M, Ferrand C, Maso F, Lac G. Psychophysiological stress in judo athletes during competitions. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001;41(2): 263-268.
  208. Ellison PT, Panter-Brick C. Salivary testosterone levels among Tamang and Kami males of central Nepal. Hum Biol 1996;68(6): 955-965.
  209. Ellison PT, Bribiescas RG, Bentley GR, Campbell BC, Lipson SF, Panter-Brick C, Hill K. Population variation in age-related decline in male salivary testosterone. Hum Reprod 2002;17(12): 3251-3253.
  210. Neary JP, Malbon L, McKenzie DC. Relationship between serum, saliva and urinary cortisol and its implication during recovery from training. J Sci Med Sport 2002;5(2): 108-114.
  211. Jacks DE, Sowash J, Anning J, McGloughlin T, Andres F. Effect of exercise at three different intensities on salivary cortisol. J Strength Cond Res 2002;16(2): 286-289.
  212. Kraemer WJ, Loebel CC, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Newton RU, Whickham RB, Gotshalk LA, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Gomez AL, Rubin MR, Nindl BC, Hakkinen K. The effect of heavy resistance exercise on the circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone in men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001;84(1-2): 13-18
  213. Demers LM. Andropause: an androgen deficiency state in the ageing male. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003;4(2): 183-190.
  214. Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(2): 724-731.
  215. Kaufman JM, Vermeulen A. Androgens in male senescence. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, eds. Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998: 437-471.
  216. Khosla S, Melton III LJ, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM. Relationship of serum sex steroid levels to longitudinal changes in bone density in young versus elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(8): 3555-3561.
  217. Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E. Sex hormones and age: a cross-sectional study of testosterone and estradiol and their bioavailable fractions in community- dwelling men. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147(8):750-4.
  218. Vermeulen A. Androgen replacement therapy in the aging male-a critical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(6): 2380-2390.
  219. Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Kaufman JM. A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(10): 3666-3672.
  220. Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E. Sexual dimorphism in the influence of advanced aging on adrenal hormone levels: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(10): 3561-3568.
  221. Hinson JP, Raven PW. DHEA deficiency syndrome: a new term for old age? J Endocrinol 1999;163(1): 1-5.
  222. Wilt T, Ishani A, MacDonald R. Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(3): CD001423.
  223. Wilt TJ, Ishani A, Stark G, MacDonald R, Lau J, Mulrow C. Saw palmetto extracts for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review.
    JAMA 1998;280(18): 1604-1609.
  224. Boyle P, Robertson C, Lowe F, Roehrborn C. Meta-analysis of clinical trials of permixon in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2000;55(4): 533-539.
  225. Wilt T, Ishani A, Stark G, MacDonald R, Mulrow C, Lau J. Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2): CD001423.
  226. Wilt TJ, Ishani A, Rutks I, MacDonald R. Phytotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Public Health Nutr 2000;3(4A): 459-472.
  227. Lowe FC, Dreikorn K, Borkowski A, Braeckman J, Denis L, Ferrari P, Gerber G, Levin R, Perrin P, Senge T. Review of recent placebo-controlled trials utilizing phytotherapeutic agents for treatment of BPH. Prostate 1998;37(3): 187-193.
  228. Gerber GS. Saw palmetto for the treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol 2000;163(5): 1408-1412.
  229. McPartland JM, Pruitt PL. Benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with saw palmetto: a literature search and an experimental case study. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2000;100(2): 89-96.
  230. Pinn G. Herbal medicine. What is the evidence? Aust Fam Physician 2001;30(12): 1154-1159.
  231. Prager N, Bickett K, French N, Marcovici G. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of botanically derived inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. J Altern Complement Med 2002;8(2): 143-152.
  232. Sultan C, Terraza A, Devillier C, Carilla E, Briley M, Loire C, Descomps B. Inhibition of androgen metabolism and binding by a liposterolic extract of "Serenoa repens B" in human foreskin fibroblasts. J Steroid Biochem 1984;20(1): 515-519.
  233. Di Silverio F, D'Eramo G, Lubrano C, Flammia GP, Sciarra A, Palma E, Caponera M, Sciarra F. Evidence that Serenoa repens extract displays an antiestrogenic activity in prostatic tissue of benign prostatic hypertrophy patients. Eur Urol 1992;21(4): 309-314.
  234. Vacher P, Prevarskaya N, Skryma R, Audy MC, Vacher AM, Odessa MF, Dufy B. The Lipidosterolic Extract from Serenoa repens Interferes with Prolactin Receptor Signal Transduction. J Biomed Sci 1995;2(4): 357-365.
  235. Ravenna L, Di Silverio F, Russo MA, Salvatori L, Morgante E, Morrone S, Cardillo MR, Russo A, Frati L, Gulino A, Petrangeli E. Effects of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on human prostatic cell lines. Prostate 1996;29(4): 219-230.
  236. Chevalier G, Benard P, Cousse H, Bengone T. Distribution study of radioactivity in rats after oral administration of the lipido/sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) supplemented with [1-14C]-lauric acid, [1-14C]-oleic acid or [4-14C]-beta-sitosterol. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1997;22(1): 73-83.
  237. Paubert-Braquet M, Mencia Huerta JM, Cousse H, Braquet P. Effect of the lipidic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on the ionophore A23187-stimulated production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1997;57(3): 299-304.
  238. Paubert-Braquet M, Cousse H, Raynaud JP, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Effect of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) and its major components on basic fibroblast growth factor-induced proliferation of cultures of human prostate biopsies. Eur Urol 1998;33(3): 340-347.
  239. Di Silverio F, Monti S, Sciarra A, Varasano PA, Martini C, Lanzara S, D'Eramo G, Di Nicola S, Toscano V. Effects of long-term treatment with Serenoa repens (Permixon) on the concentrations and regional distribution of androgens and epidermal growth factor in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 1998;37(2): 77-83.
  240. Bayne CW, Donnelly F, Ross M, Habib FK. Serenoa repens (Permixon): a 5alpha-reductase types I and II inhibitor-new evidence in a coculture model of BPH. Prostate 1999;40(4): 232-241.
  241. Goepel M, Hecker U, Krege S, Rubben H, Michel MC. Saw palmetto extracts potently and noncompetitively inhibit human alpha1-adrenoceptors in vitro. Prostate 1999;38(3): 208-215.
  242. Bayne CW, Ross M, Donnelly F, Habib FK. The selectivity and specificity of the actions of the lipido-sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on the prostate. J Urol 2000;164(3 Pt 1): 876-881.
  243. Marks LS, Partin AW, Epstein JI, Tyler VE, Simon I, Macairan ML, Chan TL, Dorey FJ, Garris JB, Veltri RW, Santos PB, Stonebrook KA, deKernion JB. Effects of a saw palmetto herbal blend in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2000;163(5): 1451-1456.
  244. Vacherot F, Azzouz M, Gil-Diez-De-Medina S, Colombel M, De La Taille A, Lefrere Belda MA, Abbou CC, Raynaud JP, Chopin DK. Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation by the lipido-sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (LSESr) Permixon in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2000;45(3): 259-266.
  245. Van Coppenolle F, Le Bourhis X, Carpentier F, Delaby G, Cousse H, Raynaud JP, Dupouy JP, Prevarskaya N. Pharmacological effects of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on rat prostate hyperplasia induced by hyperprolactinemia: comparison with finasteride. Prostate 2000;43(1): 49-58.
  246. Marks LS, Hess DL, Dorey FJ, Luz Macairan M, Cruz Santos PB, Tyler VE. Tissue effects of saw palmetto and finasteride: use of biopsy cores for in situ quantification of prostatic androgens. Urology 2001;57(5): 999-1005.
  247. Goldmann WH, Sharma AL, Currier SJ, Johnston PD, Rana A, Sharma CP. Saw palmetto berry extract inhibits cell growth and Cox-2 expression in prostatic cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2001;25(11): 1117-1124.
  248. Veltri RW, Marks LS, Miller MC, Bales WD, Fan J, Macairan ML, Epstein JI, Partin AW. Saw palmetto alters nuclear measurements reflecting DNA content in men with symptomatic BPH: evidence for a possible molecular mechanism. Urology 2002;60(4): 617-622.
  249. Raynaud JP, Cousse H, Martin PM. Inhibition of type 1 and type 2 5alpha-reductase activity by free fatty acids, active ingredients of Permixon. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002;82(2-3): 233-239.
  250. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, Gruenwald J, Hall T, Klein J, Riggins CW, Rister RS, eds. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998.
  251. Carraro JC, Raynaud JP, Koch G, Chisholm GD, Di Silverio F, Teillac P, Da Silva FC, Cauquil J, Chopin DK, Hamdy FC, Hanus M, Hauri D, Kalinteris A, Marencak J, Perier A, Perrin P. Comparison of phytotherapy (Permixon) with finasteride in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized international study of 1,098 patients. Prostate 1996;29(4): 231-240; discussion 241-242.
  252. Debruyne F, Koch G, Boyle P, Da Silva FC, Gillenwater JG, Hamdy FC, Perrin P, Teillac P, Vela-Navarrete R, Raynaud JP. Comparison of a phytotherapeutic agent (Permixon) with an alpha-blocker (Tamsulosin) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 1-year randomized international study. Eur Urol 2002;41(5): 497-506; discussion 506-7.
  253. Braeckman J, Bruhwyler J, Vanderkerckhove K, Géczy J. Efficacy and safety of the extract of Serenoa repens in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: therapeutic equivalence between twice and once daily dosage forms. Phytother Res 1997;11(8): 558-563.
  254. Stepanov VN, Siniakova LA, Sarrazin B, Raynaud JP. Efficacy and tolerability of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) in benign prostatic hyperplasia: a double-blind comparison of two dosage regimens. Adv Ther 1999;16(5): 231-241.
  255. Rollema H. Clinical significance of symptoms, signs, and urodynamic parameters in benign prostatic hypertrophy. In: Krane RJ, Siroky MB, Fitzpatrick JM, eds. Clinical urology. Philadelphia: JB Lippicott, 1994: 847-879.
  256. Mebust WK. Transurethral surgery. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, eds. Campbells urology, 7th ed. WB Saunders, 1998: 1511-1513.
  257. Gutierrez M, Garcia de Boto MJ, Cantabrana B, Hidalgo A. Mechanisms involved in the spasmolytic effect of extracts from Sabal serrulata fruit on smooth muscle. Gen Pharmacol 1996;27(1):171-176.
  258. Gutierrez M, Hidalgo A, Cantabrana B. Spasmolytic activity of a lipidic extract from Sabal serrulata fruits: further study of the mechanisms underlying this activity. Planta Med 1996;62(6):507-511.
  259. Breu W, Hagenlocher M, Redl K, Tittel G, Stadler F, Wagner H. Anti-inflammatory activity of sabal fruit extracts prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide. In vitro antagonists of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase metabolism. Arzneimittelforschung 1992;42(4): 547-551. Abstract.
  260. Young JW, Conte ET, Leavitt ML, Nafz MA, Schroeter AL. Cutaneous immunopathology of androgenetic alopecia. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1991;91(8):765-771.
  261. Mahe YF, Michelet JF, Billoni N, Jarrousse F, Buan B, Commo S, Saint-Leger D, Bernard BA. Androgenetic alopecia and microinflammation. Int J Dermatol 2000;39(8):576-584.
  262. Casarosa C, Cosci di Coscio M, Fratta M. Lack of effects of a lyposterolic extract of Serenoa repens on plasma levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Clin Ther 1988;10(5):585-588.
  263. Gerber GS, Zagaja GP, Bales GT, Chodak GW, Contreras BA. Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: effects on urodynamic parameters and voiding symptoms. Urology 1998;51(6): 1003-1007.
  264. Albertsen PC. Urologic 'nuisances': how to work up and relieve men's symptoms. Geriatrics 1997;52(2):46-50, 53-4; quiz 55.
  265. Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL Jr, Park HK, Sanders BB Jr, Smith CL, Taylor JR. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA 1996; 276(24): 1957-1963.
  266. Duffield-Lillico AJ, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Combs GF Jr, Slate EH, Fischbach LA, Marshall JR, Clark LC. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11(7): 630-639.
  267. Duffield-Lillico AJ, Dalkin BL, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Jacobs ET, Marshall JR, Clark LC. Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. BJU Int 2003; 91(7): 608-612.
  268. Reid ME, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Garland L, Turnbull BW, Clark LC, Marshall JR. Selenium supplementation and lung cancer incidence: an update of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11(11): 1285-1291.
  269. Rayman MP. Dietary selenium: time to act. BMJ 1997; 314: 387-388.
  270. Rayman MP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000; 356: 233-241.
  271. Rayman MP. The argument for increasing selenium intake. Proc Nutr Soc 2002; 61: 203-215.
  272. Brown KM, Pickard K, Nicol F, Beckett GJ, Duthie GG, Arthur JR. Effects of organic and inorganic selenium supplementation on selenoenzyme activity in blood lymphoctyes, granulocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2000; 98(5): 593-599.
  273. Brown KM, Arthur JR. Selenium, selenoproteins and human health: a review. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4(2B): 593-9.
  274. Jackson MJ, Broome CS, McArdle F. Marginal dietary selenium intakes in the UK: are there functional consequences? J Nutr 2003; 133: 1557S-1559S.
  275. Barclay MNI, MacPherson A, Dixon J. Selenium content of a range of UK foods. J Food Comp Anal 1995; 8: 307-318.
  276. Alfthan G, Aro A, Arvilommi H, Huttunen JK. Selenium metabolism and platelet glutathione peroxidase activity in healthy Finnish men: effects of selenium yeast, selenite, and selenate. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 120-125.
  277. Thompson CD, Robinson MF, Butler JA, Whanger PD. Long-term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: selenium and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in blood components of New Zealand women. Br J Nutr 1993; 69: 577-588.
  278. Duffield AJ, Thompson CD, Hill KE, Williams S. An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 896-903.
  279. MacPherson A, Barclay MNI, Scott R, Yates RWS. Loss of Canadian wheat imports lowers selenium intake and status of the Scottish population. In: Fischer PWF, L'Abbe MR, Cockell KA, Gibson RS, eds. Trace Elements in Man and Animals-9. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals. Ottowa: NRC Research Press, 1997: 203-205.
  280. Combs GF Jr. Selenium in global food systems. Br J Nutr 2001; 85: 517-547.
  281. Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Witherington R, Herlong JH, Janosko E, Carpenter D, Borosso C, Falk S, Rounder J. Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. Br J Urol 1998; 81(5): 730-734.
  282. Ip C. Lessons from basic research in selenium and cancer prevention. J Nutr 1998; 128: 1845-1854.
  283. Combs GF Jr. Selenium as a cancer preventive agent. In: Hatfield DL, ed. Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001: 205-217.
  284. Ip C, Dong Y, Ganther HE. New concepts in selenium chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2002; 21(3-4): 281-289.
  285. Combs GF Jr, Gray WP. Chemopreventive agents: selenium. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 79(3): 179-192.
  286. Bugel S. et al. Poor Se bioavailablity in meat. J Nutr 2003 DETAILS TO FOLLOW
  287. Thompson HJ. Role of low molecular weight, selenium containing compounds in human health. In: Hatfield DL, ed. Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001: 283-297.
  288. Nelson MA, Reid M, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Marshall JR. Prostate cancer and selenium. Urol Clin North Am 2002; 29(1): 67-70.
  289. Klein EA, Thompson IM, Lippman SM, Goodman PJ, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Coltman C. SELECT: the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial. Urol Oncol 2003; 21(1): 59-65.
  290. Brooks JD, Metter EJ, Chan DW, Sokoll LJ, Landis P, Nelson WG, Muller D, Andres R, Carter HB. Plasma selenium level before diagnosis and the risk of prostate cancer development. J Urol 2001; 166(6): 2034-2038.
  291. Costello AJ. A randomized, controlled chemoprevention trial of selenium in familial prostate cancer: Rationale, recruitment, and design issues. Urology 2001; 57(4 Suppl 1): 182-184.
  292. Hartman TJ, Taylor PR, Alfthan G, Fagerstrom R, Virtamo J, Mark SD, Virtanen M, Barrett MJ, Albanes D. Toenail selenium concentration and lung cancer in male smokers (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 2002;13(10): 923-928.
  293. Menter DG, Sabichi AL, Lippman SM. Selenium effects on prostate cell growth. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9(11): 1171-1182.
  294. Dong Y, Zhang H, Hawthorn L, Ganther HE, Ip C. Delineation of the molecular basis for selenium-induced growth arrest in human prostate cancer cells by oligonucleotide array. Cancer Res. 2003; 63(1): 52-59.
  295. McKenzie RC, Rafferty TS. Effects of selenium on immunity and aging. In: Hatfield DL, ed. Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001: 257-272.
  296. Peretz A, Neve J, Desmedt J, Duchateau J, Dramaix M, Famaey JP. Lymphocyte response is enhanced by supplementation of elderly subjects with selenium-enriched yeast. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53(5): 1323-1328.
  297. Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ. Selenium in the immune system. J Nutr 2003; 133(5): 1457S-1459S.
  298. Kiremidjian-Schumacher L, Roy M, Wishe HI, Cohen MW, Stotzky G. Supplementation with selenium and human immune cell functions. II. Effect on cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994; 41(1-2): 115-127.
  299. Roy M, Kiremidjian-Schumacher L, Wishe HI, Cohen MW, Stotzky G. Supplementation with selenium and human immune cell functions. I. Effect on lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin 2 receptor expression. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994; 41(1-2): 103-14.
  300. Kiremidjian-Schumacher L, Roy M, Glickman R, Schneider K, Rothstein S, Cooper J, Hochster H, Kim M, Newman R. Selenium and immunocompetence in patients with head and neck cancer. Biol Trace Elem Res 2000; 73(2): 97-111.
  301. Olivieri O, Girelli D, Azzini M, Stanzial AM, Russo C, Ferroni M, Corrocher R. Low selenium status in the elderly influences thyroid hormones. Clin Sci (Lond) 1995; 89(6): 637-642.
  302. St. Germain DL. Selenium, deiodinases and endocrine function. In: Hatfield DL, ed. Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001: 189-202.
  303. Kohrle J. The deiodinase family: selenoenzymes regulating thyroid hormone availability and action. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000; 57(13-14): 1853-1863.
  304. Arthur JR, Beckett GJ. Thyroid function. Br Med Bull 1999; 55(3): 658-668.
  305. Beck MA. Selenium as an antiviral agent. In: Hatfield DL, ed. Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001: 235-245.
  306. Beck MA, Levander OA, Handy J. Selenium deficiency and viral infection. J Nutr 2003; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1463S-1467S.
  307. Nelson HK, Shi Q, Van Dael P, Schiffrin EJ, Blum S, Barclay D, Levander OA, Beck MA. Host nutritional selenium status as a driving force for influenza virus mutations. FASEB J 2001; 15(10): 1846-1848.
  308. Levander OA, Beck MA. Selenium and viral virulence. Br Med Bull 1999; 55(3): 528-533.
  309. Beck MA, Nelson HK, Shi Q, Van Dael P, Schiffrin EJ, Blum S, Barclay D, Levander OA. Selenium deficiency increases the pathology of an influenza virus infection. FASEB J 2001; 15(8): 1481-1483.
  310. Foster HD. Why HIV-1 has diffused so much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in North America. Med Hypotheses 2003; 60(4): 611-614.
  311. Baum MK, Campa A, Miguez-Burbano MJ, Burbano X, Shor-Posner G. Role of selenium in HIV/AIDS. In: Hatfield DL, ed. Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001: 247-255.
  312. Burbano X, Miguez-Burbano MJ, McCollister K, Zhang G, Rodriguez A, Ruiz P, Lecusay R, Shor-Posner G. Impact of a selenium chemoprevention clinical trial on hospital admissions of HIV-infected participants. HIV Clin Trials 2002; 3(6): 483-491.
  313. Schrauzer GN, Sacher J. Selenium in the maintenance and therapy of HIV-infected patients. Chem Biol Interact 1995; 94(2): 167.
  314. Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Lai S, Zhang G, Lai H, Fletcher MA, Sauberlich H, Page JB. High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 15(5): 370-374.
  315. Campa A, Shor-Posner G, Indacochea F, Zhang G, Lai H, Asthana D, Scott GB, Baum MK. Mortality risk in selenium-deficient HIV-positive children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999; 20(5): 508-513.
  316. Look MP, Rockstroh JK, Rao GS, Kreuzer KA, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T. Serum selenium versus lymphocyte subsets and markers of disease progression and inflammatory response in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997; 56(1): 31-41.
  317. Yu SY, Zhu YJ, Li WG. Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997; 56(1): 117-24.
  318. Scott R, MacPherson A, Yates RW, Hussain B, Dixon J. The effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility. Br J Urol 1998; 82(1): 76-80.
  319. Ursini F, Heim S, Kiess M, Maiorino M, Roveri A, Wissing J, Flohe L. Dual function of the selenoprotein PHGPx during sperm maturation. Science 1999 ; 285(5432): 1393-1396.
  320. Flohe L, Brigelius-Flohe R, Maiorino M, Roveri A, Wissing J, Ursini F. Selenium and male reproduction. In: Hatfield DL, ed. Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001: 273-281.
  321. Foresta C, Flohe L, Garolla A, Roveri A, Ursini F, Maiorino M. Male fertility is linked to the selenoprotein phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. Biol Reprod 2002; 67(3): 967-971.
  322. Benton D, Cook R. The impact of selenium supplementation on mood. Biol Psychiatry 1991 1; 29(11):1092-1098.
  323. Hawkes WC, Hornbostel L. Effects of dietary selenium on mood in healthy men living in a metabolic research unit. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39(2): 121-128.
  324. Sher L. Role of selenium depletion in the effects of dialysis on mood and behavior. Med Hypotheses 2002; 59(1): 89-91.
  325. Benton D. Selenium intake, mood and other aspects of psychological functioning. Nutr Neurosci 2002; 5(6): 363-374.
  326. Finley JW, Penland JG. Adequacy or deprivation of dietary selenium in healthy men: Clinical and psychological findings. J Trace Elem Exp Med 1998; 11(1): 11-27.
  327. Castano A, Ayala A, Rodriguez-Gomez JA, Herrera AJ, Cano J, Machado A. Low selenium diet increases the dopamine turnover in prefrontal cortex of the rat. Neurochem Int 1997; 30(6): 549-555.
  328. Zafar KS, Siddiqui A, Sayeed I, Ahmad M, Salim S, Islam F. Dose-dependent protective effect of selenium in rat model of Parkinson's disease: neurobehavioral and neurochemical evidences. J Neurochem 2003; 84(3): 438-446.
  329. Tanguy S, Boucher F, Besse S, Ducros V, Favier A, de Leiris J. Trace elements and cardioprotection: increasing endogenous glutathione peroxidase activity by oral selenium supplementation in rats limits reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. J Trace Elem Med Biol 1998; 12(1): 28-38.
  330. Tanguy S, Toufektsian MC, Besse S, Ducros V, De Leiris J, Boucher F. Dietary selenium intake affects cardiac susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion in male senescent rats. Age Ageing 2003; 32(3): 273-278.
  331. Bowrey DJ, Morris-Stiff GJ, Puntis MC. Selenium deficiency and chronic pancreatitis: disease mechanism and potential for therapy. HPB Surg 1999; 11(4): 207-215; discussion 215-6.
  332. McCloy R. Chronic pancreatitis at Manchester, UK. Focus on antioxidant therapy. Digestion 1998; 59 Suppl 4: 36-48.
  333. Uden S, Bilton D, Nathan L, Hunt LP, Main C, Braganza JM. Antioxidant therapy for recurrent pancreatitis: placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1990; 4(4): 357-371.
  334. Gazdik F, Kadrabova J, Gazdikova K. Decreased consumption of corticosteroids after selenium supplementation in corticoid-dependent asthmatics. Bratisl Lek Listy 2002; 103(1): 22-25. Abstract.
  335. Jeong DW, Yoo MH, Kim TS, Kim JH, Kim IY. Protection of mice from allergen-induced asthma by selenite: prevention of eosinophil infiltration by inhibition of NF-kappa B activation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(20): 17871-17876.
  336. Hasselmark L, Malmgren R, Zetterstrom O, Unge G. Selenium supplementation in intrinsic asthma. Allergy 1993; 48(1): 30-36.
  337. Seppanen K, Kantola M, Laatikainen R, Nyyssonen K, Valkonen VP, Kaarlopp V, Salonen JT. Effect of supplementation with organic selenium on mercury status as measured by mercury in pubic hair. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2000; 14(2): 84-87.
  338. Pastori M, Pfander H, Boscoboinik D, Azzi A. Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 250(3): 582-585.
  339. Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Rosenblat M, Aviram M. Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic. Antioxid Redox Signal 2000; 2(3): 491-506.
  340. Stahl W, Junghans A, de Boer B, Driomina ES, Briviba K, Sies H. Carotenoid mixtures protect multilamellar liposomes against oxidative damage: synergistic effects of lycopene and lutein. FEBS Lett 1998; 427(2): 305-308.
  341. Hadley CW, Miller EC, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK. Tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer: progress and promise. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227(10): 869-880.
  342. Miller EC, Giovannucci E, Erdman JW Jr, Bahnson R, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK. Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. Urol Clin North Am 2002; 29(1): 83-93.
  343. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, Fraser GE. Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in Adventist men. Cancer 1989; 64(3): 598-604.
  344. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Intake of carotenoids and retinal to the risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87(23): 1767-1776.
  345. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94(5): 391-398.
  346. Vogt TM, Mayne ST, Graubard BI, Swanson CA, Sowell AL, Schoenberg JB, Swanson GM, Greenberg RS, Hoover RN, Hayes RB, Ziegler RG. Serum lycopene, other serum carotenoids, and risk of prostate cancer in US Blacks and Whites. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155(11): 1023-1032.
  347. Lu QY, Hung JC, Heber D, Go VL, Reuter VE, Cordon-Cardo C, Scher HI, Marshall JR, Zhang ZF. Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10(7): 749-756.
  348. Rao AV, Fleshner N, Agarwal S. Serum and tissue lycopene and biomarkers of oxidation in prostate cancer patients: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer 1999; 33(2): 159-164.
  349. Giovannucci E. A review of epidemiologic studies of tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227(10): 852-859.
  350. Tzonou A, Signorello LB, Lagiou P, Wuu J, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A. Diet and cancer of the prostate: a case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer 1999; 80(5): 704-708.
  351. Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91(4): 317-331.
  352. Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, Willett W, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res 1999; 59(6): 1225-1230.
  353. Kucuk O, Sarkar FH, Sakr W, Djuric Z, Pollak MN, Khachik F, Li YW, Banerjee M, Grignon D, Bertram JS, Crissman JD, Pontes EJ, Wood DP Jr. Phase II randomized clinical trial of lycopene supplementation before radical prostatectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10(8): 861-868.
  354. Bowen P, Chen L, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Duncan C, Sharifi R, Ghosh L, Kim HS, Christov-Tzelkov K, van Breemen R. Tomato sauce supplementation and prostate cancer: lycopene accumulation and modulation of biomarkers of carcinogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227(10): 886-893.
  355. van Breemen RB, Xu X, Viana MA, Chen L, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Duncan C, Bowen PE, Sharifi R. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of cis- and all-trans-lycopene in human serum and prostate tissue after dietary supplementation with tomato sauce. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50(8): 2214-2219.
  356. Matlaga BR, Hall MC, Stindt D, Torti FM. Response of hormone refractory prostate cancer to lycopene. J Urol 2001; 166(2): 613.
  357. Kucuk O, Wood DP Jr. Re: Response of hormone refractory prostate cancer to lycopene. J Urol 2002; 167(2 Pt 1): 651.
  358. Liu C, Lian F, Smith DE, Russell RM, Wang XD. Lycopene Supplementation Inhibits Lung Squamous Metaplasia and Induces Apoptosis via Up-Regulating Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein 3 in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Ferrets. Cancer Res 2003; 63(12): 3138-3144.
  359. Cohen LA. A review of animal model studies of tomato carotenoids, lycopene, and cancer chemoprevention. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227(10): 864-868.
  360. Narisawa T, Fukaura Y, Hasebe M, Ito M, Aizawa R, Murakoshi M, Uemura S, Khachik F, Nishino H. Inhibitory effects of natural carotenoids, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein, on colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in rats. Cancer Lett 1996; 107(1): 137-142.
  361. Velmurugan B, Bhuvaneswari V, Burra UK, Nagini S. Prevention of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and saturated sodium chloride-induced gastric carcinogenesis in Wistar rats by lycopene. Eur J Cancer Prev 2002; 11(1): 19-26.
  362. Kim DJ, Takasuka N, Nishino H, Tsuda H. Chemoprevention of lung cancer by lycopene. Biofactors 2000; 13(1-4): 95-102.
  363. Livny O, Kaplan I, Reifen R, Polak-Charcon S, Madar Z, Schwartz B. Lycopene inhibits proliferation and enhances gap-junction communication of KB-1 human oral tumor cells. J Nutr 2002;132(12): 3754-3759.
  364. Kim L, Rao AV, Rao LG. Effect of Lycopene on Prostate LNCaP Cancer Cells in Culture. J Med Food 2002; 5(4): 181-187.
  365. Karas M, Amir H, Fishman D, Danilenko M, Segal S, Nahum A, Koifmann A, Giat Y, Levy J, Sharoni Y. Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signalling in mammary cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2000; 36(1): 101-111.
  366. Levy J, Bosin E, Feldman B, Giat Y, Miinster A, Danilenko M, Sharoni Y. Lycopene is a more potent inhibitor of human cancer cell proliferation than either alpha-carotene or beta-carotene. Nutr Cancer 1995; 24(3): 257-266
  367. Mucci LA, Tamimi R, Lagiou P, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Spanos E, Trichopoulos D. Are dietary influences on the risk of prostate cancer mediated through the insulin-like growth factor system? BJU Int 2001; 87(9): 814-820.
  368. Willis MS, Wians FH. The role of nutrition in preventing prostate cancer: a review of the proposed mechanism of action of various dietary substances. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 330(1-2): 57-83.
  369. Heber D, Lu QY. Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227(10): 920-923.
  370. Porrini M, Riso P. Lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA protection from oxidative damage is increased in women after a short period of tomato consumption. J Nutr 2000; 130(2): 189-192.
  371. Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H. Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 274(2): 532-538.
  372. Matos HR, Di Mascio P, Medeiros MH. Protective effect of lycopene on lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in cell culture. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 383(1): 56-59.
  373. Yamaguchi LF, Martinez GR, Catalani LH, Medeiros MH, Di Mascio P. Lycopene entrapped in human albumin protects 2'-deoxyguanosine against singlet oxygen damage. Arch Latinoam Nutr 1999; 49(3 Suppl 1): 12S-20S. Abstract.
  374. Velmurugan B, Bhuvaneswari V, Nagini S. Antiperoxidative effects of lycopene during N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric carcinogenesis. Fitoterapia 2002; 73(7-8): 604-611.
  375. Cantrell A, McGarvey DJ, Truscott TG, Rancan F, Bohm F. Singlet oxygen quenching by dietary carotenoids in a model membrane environment. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 412(1): 47-54.
  376. Holick CN, Michaud DS, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Mayne ST, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156(6): 536-547.
  377. Michaud DS, Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(4): 990-997.
  378. Kim DJ, Takasuka N, Kim JM, Sekine K, Ota T, Asamoto M, Murakoshi M, Nishino H, Nir Z, Tsuda H. Chemoprevention by lycopene of mouse lung neoplasia after combined initiation treatment with DEN, MNU and DMH. Cancer Lett 1997; 120(1): 15-22.
  379. La Vecchia C. Tomatoes, lycopene intake, and digestive tract and female hormone-related neoplasms. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227(10): 860-863.
  380. Arimochi H, Kataoka K, Kuwahara T, Nakayama H, Misawa N, Ohnishi Y. Effects of beta-glucuronidase-deficient and lycopene-producing Escherichia coli strains on formation of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 262(2): 322-327.
  381. Narisawa T, Fukaura Y, Hasebe M, Nomura S, Oshima S, Sakamoto H, Inakuma T, Ishiguro Y, Takayasu J, Nishino H. Prevention of N-methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats by lycopene and tomato juice rich in lycopene. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89(10): 1003-1008.
  382. Franceschi S, Bidoli E, La Vecchia C, Talamini R, D'Avanzo B, Negri E. Tomatoes and risk of digestive-tract cancers. Int J Cancer 1994; 59(2): 181-184.
  383. De Stefani E, Oreggia F, Boffetta P, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Ronco A, Mendilaharsu M. Tomatoes, tomato-rich foods, lycopene and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: a case-control in Uruguay. Oral Oncol 2000; 36(1): 47-53.
  384. Reifen R, Nur T, Matas Z, Halpern Z. Lycopene supplementation attenuates the inflammatory status of colitis in a rat model. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2001; 71(6): 347-351.
  385. Ribaya-Mercado JD, Garmyn M, Gilchrest BA, Russell RM. Skin lycopene is destroyed preferentially over beta-carotene during ultraviolet irradiation in humans. J Nutr 1995; 125(7): 1854-1859.
  386. Stahl W, Sies H. Carotenoids and protection against solar UV radiation. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2002; 15(5): 291-296.
  387. Stahl W, Heinrich U, Wiseman S, Eichler O, Sies H, Tronnier H. Dietary tomato paste protects against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. J Nutr 2001; 131(5): 1449-1451.
  388. Willcox JK, Catignani GL, Lazarus S. Tomatoes and cardiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2003; 43(1): 1-18.
  389. Rao AV. Lycopene, tomatoes, and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227(10): 908-913.
  390. Maruyama C, Imamura K, Oshima S, Suzukawa M, Egami S, Tonomoto M, Baba N, Harada M, Ayaori M, Inakuma T, Ishikawa T. Effects of tomato juice consumption on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoid concentrations and the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001; 47(3): 213-221.
  391. Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen R, Salonen JT. Low plasma lycopene concentration is associated with increased intima-media thickness of the carotid artery wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20(12): 2677-2681.
  392. Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Serum lycopene concentrations and carotid atherosclerosis: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77(1): 133-138.
  393. Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Lakka TA, Sivenius J, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Low serum lycopene concentration is associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events and stroke: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Br J Nutr 2001; 85(6): 749-754.
  394. Fuhrman B, Elis A, Aviram M. Hypocholesterolemic effect of lycopene and beta-carotene is related to suppression of cholesterol synthesis and augmentation of LDL receptor activity in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233(3): 658-662.
  395. Agarwal S, Rao AV. Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. Lipids 1998; 33(10): 981-984.
  396. Arab L, Steck S. Lycopene and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(6 Suppl): 1691S-1695S.
  397. Kohlmeier L, Kark JD, Gomez-Gracia E, Martin BC, Steck SE, Kardinaal AF, Ringstad J, Thamm M, Masaev V, Riemersma R, Martin-Moreno JM, Huttunen JK, Kok FJ. Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146(8): 618-626.
  398. Paran E, Engelhard Y. Effect of tomato's lycopene on blood pressure, serum lipoproteins, plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress markers in grade I hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14(4): A141.

Go Back   |   Back to top